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| Modern T�rkl�k Ara�t�rmalar� Dergisi
(2004), 1(1):90-105 Telif Hakk� � 2004 Ankara �niversitesi Mak. # 9 |
Journal of Modern Turkish Studies (2004), 1(1):90-105 Copyright � 2004 Ankara University Art. # 9 |
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Eski T�rklerde �deme Ara�lar�: K���t Para �av��n Kullan�m� A. MELEK �ZYETG�N �ZET Tarih� devirlerden itibaren T�rklerin ticaret hayat�nda kulland�klar� �deme ara�lar� b�lgeden b�lgeye de�i�en ve �e�itlenen bir yap�ya sahip olmu�tur. T�rk sosyal ve iktisad� tarihinin �nemli kaynaklar� olan Uygur sivil belgelerinde, ticaretteki �deme ara�lar� ile ilgili zengin bilgiler bulunmaktad�r. Belgelere g�re, ge�erli en yayg�n uygulamalardan biri mal kar��l��� mal veya hizmet kar��l��� mal m�badelesi �eklindeki ayn� �demelerdir. Ayn� �demelerde kullan�lan mallar�n ba��nda tar�g, �r ~ �y�r, kepez gibi �nemli tar�msal �r�nler gelmekteydi. Bunun d���nda Uygurlarda ticarette �deme arac� olarak kuma� cinsinden materyallerden b�z, kuanpo da �nemli �l��de kullan�lm��t�r. Yine madeni paralar ile yap�lan �demeler i�inde alt�n, k�m�� ve bak�r para birimleri dikkati �ekmektedir. Uygurlarda kullan�lan bir di�er �nemli �deme arac� k���t parad�r. �lk olarak 8. y�zy�l�n ortalar�nda Tang hanedan� d�neminde ba�layan k���t para sistemi, Y�an d�neminde, �zellikle Kubilay Han (1260-1295) d�neminde zirveye ��km��t�r �ince k�kenli �av (< ch�ao) kelimesiyle adland�r�lan bu para birimi Y�an d�neminde genellikle 2274gr. olan yastuk ile birimlendirilmi�tir. Kubilay Han zaman�ndan itibaren, �in�de Y�an d�neminde parlamaya ba�layan �av para birimi en yayg�n �ekilde Uygur t�ccarlar taraf�ndan kullan�lm��t�r. Uygur sivil belgelerinde k���t para sadece �av ve Kubilay d�nemine i�aret eden �ung-tung bav �av olarak ge�mektedir. K���t para sistemi Uygurlarla birlikte T�rk-Mo�ol devletlerinin ticaret hayat�na b�y�k kolayl�klar getirmi� ve canland�rm��t�r. Bunun yan�nda Uygur t�ccarlar k���t paran�n uluslar aras� yayg�nla�t�r�lmas�nda da �nemli g�revler �stlenmi�ler ANAHTAR S�ZC�KLER Eski T�rkler, Uygurlar, Ticaret, �deme Ara�lar�, K���t Para, �av, Uygurlar, N�mizmatik (Al�nd��� tarih 15 �ubat 2004) . |
Old Turkish payment devices: The usage of banknote �av A. MELEK �ZYETG�N ABSTRACT The payment devices which are used by Turks in the trade life had various components at the historical period. In the Uigur civil documents, which are important sources of the Turkish social and economic history. There is wide information about the payment devices. According to those documents, most prevalent payment systems are divided in �goods for goods� and �goods for services� (payment in a kind). The basic goods which are used for the �payment in a kind system� were some agricultural products like tar�g, �r ~�y�r, and k�p�z. Besides those products, some fabric materials like b�z and kuanpo are also used as a payment device by Uigurs at trade. Alt�n, k�m�� and bak�r coins are used for the payments as well. Another payment device used by Uigurs are banknotes. The usage of banknote system begun at the middles of the 8th century, among the Tang Dynsty and became prevalent at the Y�an period, especially Khubilay Khan sovereignty (1260-1295). This banknote was called with a Chinese origined word �av (< ch�ao). At the Y�an period �av was united with (2274gr) yastuk and used widely by the Uigur traders. In the Uigur civil documents, banknote are expressed as �av and �ung-tung bav �av which indicates Khubilay era. Banknote System brought easiness to the trade life of Uigurs and Turco-Mongol states. Uigur traders had also an important role to spread banknote internationally. KEY WORDS Old Turks, Uigurs, Trade, Payment Devices, Banknote, �av, Numismatics (Received February 15 2004) |
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