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Bulgarian Nationalism and Turkish Minority Identity: a Historical Analysis, 1762-1989
TUNALI, Gülfer
JMTS 2020, 17(3):361-391; DOI: 10.1501/MTAD.17.2020.3.19
Published online: 9 November 2020
Article (PDF 453 KB)
ÖZET
Bu çalışma, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun dağılma sürecinde ortaya çıkan ve tarihsel bir süreklilik sergileyen Bulgar milliyetçiliğinin Türk azınlığın kimlik dönüşümü üzerindeki rolünü sorgulamaktadır. Bulgaristan'da milliyetçilik etnodilsel ve etnokültürel temele dayanan ulus ülküsüyle hareket etmiş ve buna bağlı olarak geliştirdiği çeşitli politikalar ve araçlarla devlet sınırları içindeki Türk kimliğini şekillendirmeye çalışmıştır. Çalışma Bulgar tarihinin üç değişim dönemini analiz ederek Türklerin dinsel bir topluluktan etnik bir topluluğa dönüşümünün izini sürmektedir.
Bulgar milliyetçiliği kendi ulusallığını inşa ederken Türk azınlığı ile ilişkilerini de sürekli olarak yeniden düzenlemiştir. Diriliş döneminde bağımsızlığını kazanmak için dil, soy ve dinî temel alarak ulusal aidiyet bilincini geliştirme çabasına giren milliyetçi hareket, bu süreçte Osmanlı kimliğini (veya Bulgaristan'da yaygın olarak kullanıldığı şekliyle Türkleri) Bulgarların kendini ayırt ettiği "öteki" olarak inşa etmiştir. Bulgaristan devletinin kurulduğu yıllardan komünistlerin iktidara geldiği yılları kapsayan dönemde Türkler dinî bir topluluk olarak şekillendirilmiş ve kendilerine etnik müzakere alanı tanınmamıştır. Komünistler iktidara geldikten sonra Türkleri "sosyalist bir azınlığa" dönüştürmek için dinî kimliği aşındırıp etnik kimliği teşvik etmiştir. Ancak sosyalist ulus da etnodilsel ve etnokültürel kodları temel almaya devam ettiğinden farklı bir etnik kimliği ulusun parçası olarak kabul edememiştir. Komünistler teşvik ettikleri etnik kimliği hedef alarak aktif bir şekilde aşındırmaya çalışmıştır. Bu politikalardan bekledikleri derecede sonuç alamayınca zoraki asimilasyona başvurmuşlardır. Ancak bu politika Türk topluluğunun üyeleri arasında etnik kimlik bilincinin canlanmasına ve siyasallaşmasına yol açmıştır.
ANAHTAR SÖZCÜKLER
Bulgar milliyetçiliği, Türk azınlığı, ortak kimlik, ulusal kimlik, etnik kimlik
ABSTRACT
Bulgarian nationalism which emerged during the dissolution period of the Ottoman Empire is characterized by historical continuity. This study examines the role of Bulgarian nationalism in the identity transformation of the Turkish minority analyzing three transformation periods of Bulgarian history. I argue that the Bulgarian ethnolinguistic and ethnocultural nationalism attempted to shape the Turkish minority identity through various policies and instruments. I attempt to trace the transformation of the Turks from a religious community into an ethnic one by studying the Bulgarian nationalist policies.
While constructing their own nationhood, Bulgarian nationalism also consistently reorganizes their relations with the Turkish minority. During the Revival period the nationalist movement endeavored to construct a national identity based on common language, descent and religion and imagined the Ottomans (or as widely used in Bulgaria “the Turks”) as “the Other” from which the Bulgarians separated themselves. In the second period, including the years from the founding of the Bulgarian state to the rise of power of the communists, the Turkish minority was formed as a religious community and its attempts at ethnic identity negotiation were prevented. The communist period saw the promotion of the ethnic identity and efforts at eroding the religious identity in order to transform the Turks into a “socialist minority”. However, since the socialist nation continued to be based on ethnolingual and ethnocultural codes, a different ethnic identity could not be accepted as a part of the nation. The Communist regime tried actively to obliterate the ethnic identity, which they once promoted. Failing to obtain the results they had expected from these policies, they turned to forced assimilation. However, the forced assimilation policy led to the revival and politicization of the Turkish ethnic identity.
KEY WORDS
Bulgarian nationalism, Turkish minority, common identity, national identity, ethnic identity
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