|
Analysing Turkish Medical Euphemisms as Verbal Hygiene in the First Corona Days
YETKİN KARAKOÇ, Nihal
JMTS 2021, 18(2):147-166; DOI: 10.1501/MTAD.18.2021.2.11
Published online: 5 July 2021
Article (PDF 324 KB)
ÖZET
Alanyazında örtmecenin doktorların hastalarıyla birebir etkileşimlerinde arzu edilmeyen konuları iletmede güvenli bir yol olarak kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Ancak yazarın bildiği kadarıyla, doktorların halka seslenişlerinde kullandıkları örtmece üzerine bir araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma ilk Covid-19 salgını günlerinde (10 Mart-30 Nisan 2020) halka bilgi veren 34 doktorun hazırlıklı/hazırlıksız 52 röportaj ve konuşmasında kullandığı örtmece dil üzerinde odaklanmıştır. Çalışma doktorların arzu edilmeyen bir mesajı iletirken doğrudan bir ifade mi, yoksa birebir etkileşimler esnasında yapılan önceki çalışmalarda görüldüğü gibi, örtmece bir dil mi kullandığını, eğer kullanıyorsa, alttürlerini çözümlemeyi hedeflemiştir. Sonuçlar örtmecenin çeşitli türlerle karşımıza çıktığını ve hem doktorların hem de halkın olumlu/olumsuz yüzünü korumak amacıyla pandeminin ilk günlerinde kullanıldığını ortaya koymaktadır.
ANAHTAR SÖZCÜKLER:Yüz tehdidi, örtmece, söylem çözümlemesi, tıbbi söylem, örtmecenin dilsel aracı.
ABSTRACT
Literature indicates that euphemism is used by doctors as a safe way to communicate unpleasant issues in one-to-one interaction with their patients. But, to the best knowledge of the author, no research was made on euphemism used by doctors during their public address. This research focuses on an analysis of euphemistic devices used in prepared/ unprepared speeches by 34 Turkish doctors giving information to the public out of 52 interviews/talks during the first Covid-19 pandemic days (between 10 March and 30 April 2020). The research aims at analysing whether doctors would directly express an undesirable message, or whether they would feel obliged to attenuate the expressions found in former research in one-to-one interactions, and if euphemic devices are at stake, at exploring subtypes of euphemism. The results reveal that euphemism is manifested in several types, and serves to protect the positive/ negative face of doctors, as well as those of general public in the first pandemic days.
KEYWORDS: face threat, euphemism, discourse analysis, medical discourse, euphemistic device.
KAYNAKLAR / BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALKIRE S. (2002) Introducing euphemisms to language learners. The Internet TESL Journal 8 (5). http://iteslj.org/Lessons/Alkire-Euphemisms.html (01.02.2021).
ALAN K. (2007) The pragmatics of connotation. Journal of Pragmatics, 39, 1047-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.08.004
ALLAN K. and BURRIDGE K. (1991) Euphemism and dysphemism: Language used as shield and weapon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ALLAN K. and BURRIDGE K. (2006) Forbidden words: Taboo and the censoring of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BARANOVA S. and PLETENKO K. (2018) Pragmatic and functional peculiarities of euphemisms for diseases, death and dying in the English mass-media discourse. Філологічні трактати 10 (1), 19-25.
BROWN P. and LEVINSON S. (1987). Politeness. Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BULL P. (2008) Slipperiness, evasion and ambiguity. Equivocation and Facework in noncommittal political discourse. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 27 (4), 333-344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X08322475
BURKHARDT A. (2010) Euphemism and Truth. In Tropical Truth(s): The Epistemology of Metaphors and Other Tropes. (Eds. A. BURKHARDT and B. NERLICH), pp.355-373, Berlin /New York.
BURRIDGE K. (2012) Euphemism and language change: The sixth and seventh ages. Lexis. EJournal in English Lexicology 7, 65–92. doi:10.4000/lexis.355
CASAS GÓMEZ, M. (2009) Towards a new approach to the linguistic definition of euphemism. Language Sciences 31, 725-739.
CRESPO- FERNÁNDEZ E. (2005) Euphemistic strategies in politeness and face concerns. Pragmalingüística 13, 77-86. doi:10.25267/Pragmalinguistica.2005.i13.05
CRESPO-FERNÁNDEZ E.(2013) Euphemistic metaphors in English and Spanish epitaphs: A comparative study. ATLANTIS Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies 35 (2), 99-118.
CRESPO- FERNÁNDEZ E. (2014) Euphemism and political discourse in the British regional press. Brno Studies in English 40 (1), 5-26.
CROMPTON P. (1997) Hedging in academic writing: Some theoretical problems. Journal of English for Specific Purposes 16 (4), 271-287.
DELBENE R. (2006) Pragmatic boundaries between mitigation and deception: The case of warning and advice in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Quaderns de Filologia. Estudis Lingüístics XI, 67-77.
FALLOWFIELD L. and JENKINS V. (2004) Communicating sad, bad, and difficult news in medicine. Lancet, 363, 312-319. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15392-5
FLEISCHMAN S. (1999) I am…I have…, I suffer from…: A Linguist reflects on the language of illness and disease. Journal of Medicine 20 (1), 3-32.
FRASER B. (1980). Conversational mitigation. Journal of Pragmatics, 4, 341-350. doi:10.1016/0378-2166(80)90029-6
FRASER B. (1990) Perspectives on politeness. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 219-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90081-N
GOFFMAN E. (1967) Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behaviors. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.
GÖKSEL A. and KERSLAKE C. (2005) Turkish: A comprehensive grammar. New York: Routledge.
HAUGH M., KÁDÁR D. Z., and MILLS S. (2013) Interpersonal pragmatics: Issues and debates. Journal of Pragmatics 58, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.09.009 (10.01.2021)
ILIĆ, B M. and RADULOVIĆ M. (2014) Marginalizing commitment: Syntactic euphemisms in political speeches. FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Series: Linguistics and Literature 12 (1), 25-41.
JAMET D. (2018) The neological functions of disease euphemisms in English and French: verbal hygiene or speech pathology? Lexis Journal in English Lexicology 12, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.4000/lexis.2397
Kampf Z. (2009) Public (non-)apologies: The discourse of minimizing responsibility. Journal of Pragmatics 41 (11), 2257-2270.
KIŠ M. (2014) Euphemisms and military terminology. Hieronymus 1, 123-137.
KNAPP M., DALY J., and FUDGE ALBADA, K. and MILLER G. (1994) Background and current trends in the study of interpersonal communication. In Handbook of Interpersonal Communication. (Eds. M. KNAPP and G. MILLER). 2. Ed. pp. 3-21, Thousand Oaks, CA.
MATEILLO E. (2013) Understatement and overstatement: The language of politics in the UK and in Italy. Rassegna Italiana di Linguistica Applicata, 1, 199-212.
MIYAJI N. (1993) The power of compassion: Truth-telling among American doctors in the care of dying patients. Social Sciences & Medicine 36 (3), 249-64. doi:0.1016/0277-9536(93)90008-r
MURPHY C. (1996) The E word. Atlantic Monthly, 278(3), 16–18. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1996/09/the-e-word/376666/ (01.03.2021).
NEAMAN J. and SILVER C. (1990) Kind Words: A Thesaurus of Euphemisms. New York: Facts on File Publications.
NOVIANTI D, SYARIF H. and MARLANI L. (2018) Euphemism found in celebrity news in people.com website. E-Journal of English Language and Literature 7 (1), 18-26.
O’NEILL B. (2011) Critique of politically correct language. The Independent Review 16 (2), 279-291. https://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_16_02_8_oneill.pdf (Accessed: 11 March 2021)
PAN Q. (2013) A tentative study on the functions and applications of English euphemism. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 3 (11), 2107-2111. doi:10.4304/tpls.3.11.2107-2111
PARLE M, JONES B. and MAGUIRE P. (1996) Maladaptive coping and affective disorders in cancer patients. Psychol Med 26 (4), 735–744. doi:10.1017/s0033291700037752
PENELOPE J. (1981) Language and Communication: Syntactic Euphemism. Paper in Linguistics: International Journal of Human Communication, 14(4), 473–485.
PINKER S. (2002) The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature. New York: Viking.
RABABAH H. (2014) The translatability and use of x-phemism expressions (X-Phemization): Euphemisms, dysphemisms and orthophemisms in the medical discourse. Studies in Literature and Language, 9(3), 229-240. doi:10.3968/6042.
RAWSON H. (1995) Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Doubletalk (Rev. ed.). New York: Crown.
SALAGER-MEYER F. (1994) Hedges and textual communicative function in medical written discourse. English for Specific Purposes 13 (2), 149-170. doi: 10.1016/0889-4906(94)90013-2.
SHEMSHURENKO O. and SHAFIGULLINA L. (2015) Politically correct euphemisms in mass media (Based on American and Turkish online periodicals of the beginning of the 21st century). Journal of Sustainable Development 8 (5), 128-135. doi:10.5539/jsd.v8n5p128
SCHULMAN-GREEN D. (2003) Coping mechanisms of physicians who routinely work with dying patients. OMEGA 47 (3), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.2190/950H-U076-T5JB-X6HN (Accessed: 1 March 2021)
STAIANO K. V. (1986) Interpreting signs of illness. A case study in medical semiotics. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
VALENTINE J. (1998) Naming the other: Power, politeness and the inflation of euphemisms. Sociological Research Online 3 (4), 37-53. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.184 (Accessed: 2 February 2021).
VASSILEVA I. (2001) Commitment and detachment in English and Bulgarian academic writing. Journal of English for Specific Purposes 20, 83-102. doi: 10.1016/S0889-4906(99)00029-0.
WATTS R. J. (2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WINITA S. and ERMANTO E. (2019) Euphemism in the headlines of Haluan newspaper. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Languages and Arts (ICLA 2018), 301, 506-512. https://doi.org/10.2991/icla-18.2019.82AŞMARİN, N. (1918) Osnovı çuvaşskoy mimologii, Kazan.
|
